Translated by Phan LY
I. Overview of the History
of the twentieth century
History is scientific
research in social activities of the human community in the past. So the
success factor of History is the accurate perception where communities
originated from, what is their formation process and how they present at the
time and place that the historic events takes place. Thus, indirectly, in the
beginning, the goal of History coincides with the objectives of Anthropology.
To be more exact, of history depends on, or benefits from the research results
of Anthropology.
In the XX century,
Anthropology innovated a measurement method comparing cranial morphology
(metric) to determine the forms of people who have ever lived on Earth at the
same time reinforcing the age of the skull to understand human origins. From
the results of the study have appeared two hypotheses. African hypothesis (out
of Africa hypothesis) identified Africa as the hometown of humans and many
regional theories (The multiregional hypothesis) that humans are born from many
different regions: Africa for the blacks, Europe gave birth to whites,
Southwest Asia for the Arian, and Asia was the hometown of the Mongoloid.
For nearly a century, two
conflicting hypotheses were inconclusive. But in the 70s, by the discovery of
Neanderthal remains which were very similar to modern Europeans, Multi-origin
theory prevailed, governs the world of Anthropology.
In general, with Europe, the
issue is quite simple but humanity topic in East Asia is a particularly complex
story.
In 1920s, there were
important archaeological discoveries in China. It was the Swedish mining
engineer Anderson who detected Yangshao (Nhưỡng Thiều) culture 7,000 years ago,
whose owners were very close to the modern Chinese. Followed by the Zhoukoudian
sites near Beijing, a Homo erectus was
discovered aged about 600,000 years old, its upper soil layer was the remains
of modern Homo sapiens aged 27,000 years ago. These discoveries have become
evidence to convince the scientific community to believe that modern humans,
Homo sapiens appeared in Tibet, migrated to China and from there spread to the
whole of Asia.
Combining ancient Chinese
scriptures and scientific discoveries, international and Chinese scholars
concluded that Peking Man was the ancestor of the Chinese people. Central
Plains of the Yellow River was also the originating place of the Chinese
nation. From here, the Huaxia human and
culture spread southward. Besides the European central concept: human
civilization originated from the West, the China central concept appeared:
China is the center of human formation and Eastern culture.
We can say, Anthropology and
Modern History of Vietnam was born in the atmosphere of these two notions.
After nearly half a century of occupation of Indochina, with the intention of
long term domination of this land and upon gaining little more knowledge about
the Orient, the French established the ancient Far East Institute in Hanoi in
1898. On the field of humanities, the Sinologist such as Maspero, Aurousseau
... kept the leading role. Therefore, both Vietnamese Anthropology and History
was formed on the two sources of ancient Chinese scripture and the humanitarian
discoveries of the Western scholars. While the West’s knowledge about the East
was still very limited, the study of Ancient Far East as torchlight shining
from the land of darkness and mystery, revelation to the international
scientific community.
With Vietnameses, scholars
of Ancient Far East said that, Melanesien were the oldest residents of
Indochina. Around 2000 BC, Indonesien people from India spilled into, destroyed
or pushed out the native Melanesien to Southeast Asian islands. Finally, around
the year 333 BC, by the Chu (Sở) killing the Viet, the Vietnameses from South
Yangtze ran down to North Vietnam, making up the Vietnamese population today.
[1]
From such identification has
formed common notion that Vietnam is the assimilation of the Chinese people
from BC and continued for more than thousand years under Northern Ruling (Bắc
Thuộc). Naturally, the Vietnamese culture is the assimilation of Chinese
culture. Not only in the many traditions and habits, the most evident is the
Vietnamese language which borrowed about 70% of the Chinese language, and that
Chinese characters became the national language of Vietnam. Such notions about
the origins, history and culture of Vietnam has been the light for all
historical research culture in the twentieth century Vietnam.
II. Factors giving birth to
new school of History
However, in reality, that's
not the only color of the oriental humanities painting. People still see on
this general background some contrasts with bright spots.
In the late nineteenth
century, in Paris, Colonel Frey, H, (1847-1932) published three books related
to Vietnam's language:
1. L'Annamite, mère des langues; communauté
d'origine des races celtiques, sémitiques, soudanaises et de l'Indo-Chine,
Paris, 1892, 248p. (Vietnamese, mother of the language; the community of origin
of the Celtic race, Israel, Sudan and Indochina);
2. Annamites et extréme
occidentaux, recherche sur l'origine des langues, Paris Hachette, 1894, 272 p.
(An Nam and the Far West, the study of the origin of language)
and 3. Les Egyptiens
préhistoriques identifiés avec les Annamites, d'aprés les inscriptions
hiéroglyphiques Paris, Hachette, 1905, 106 p.
(The Egyptians prehistoric contact Annam through hieroglyphic
inscriptions).
As a French officer worked
in West Africa and then Indochina, the author had recognized the close
connection between the Indochina language and the spoken languages of African
aboriginal peoples, together with Celtic, Semitic and Soudan. It was he who felt
the African origin of language of Vietnam. At the same time he also discovered,
the spoken language of Vietnam had the leading role in the East. Since then he
asserted, Vietnamese is the mother of the languages.
Unfortunately, the lonely
voice of this man alone can not combat a rising trend of large reputable
scholars.
- 1923, French
archaeologists Madeleine Colani discovered huge amount of human remains and
stone tools in a limestone cave in Hoa Binh province, dating back 22,000 to
2,000 years BC. Then it was also
realised that a lot of places in Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia,
Sumatra, Japan, Taiwan, Australia ... have tools similarly created with same
techniques.
Hoa Binh culture has a great
scientific significance in two respects:
a. Marked the transition
from civilization of Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) to to the New Stone Age
(Neolithic) at an early time: 22,000 BC. Whereas, with classic knowledge, in
the West, the Neolithic civilization only appeared around 10,000 years ago.
This shows that the oriental civilization progressed before the West more than
a dozen millennia. This denies the Europe Central theory.
b. Extensive coverage of the
Hoa Binh cultural shows that it was central to the rises of Neolithic cultures.
This speaks the important role of Vietnam in the oriental civilization. China
Central theory is therefore suspected.
In January 1932, the
Conference of the International Archaeological History of the Far East in Hanoi
confirmed: "Culture of Hoa Binh is central to the invention of agriculture
and agricultural production and livestock production in the world. Hoa Binh
agricultural Center appeared before the
Mesopotamia 3,000 years ago. " (Encyclopedia d'Archeologie).
From 1933 to 1937, there was
debate among linguists Poland Pzrilusky with Maspero academicians on the
origins of Vietnamese language. While Pzrilusky agreed with Frey that
Vietnamese is the root of oriental languages, Maspero strongly opposed,
keeping his views: 70% of Vietnamese language was borrowed from the Chinese.
Finally, Maspero won. Here, the winner was not due to scientific truth but due to
the status of the debators.
In 1952, a continuation of
the conference thought about Far Eastern History, American scholar C. Sauer
asserted: “On the cradle of the first agriculture, I would say that it is in
Southeast Asia. This place gathers full of various conditions necessary for
physical physics, organic chemistry, mild climate with two monsoon seasons,
with the cycle of the wet season and the dry season, river convenient for
fishing. This land is the central place to both sea and road of the Old World.
Nowhere is better than this location that provides enough elements for the
development of civilization, mixing both agricultural and fishery. "
and
"It is true that
agriculture has evolved through two phases where the first phase was the
culture of Hoa Binh. Paddy was planted along with taro." "I've proven
Southeast Asia is the cradle of the oldest agriculture. And I proved that agricultural
culture originated with fishing with nets in this country. I also proved that
the most ancient animals originated from Southeast Asia, and this is an
important center of the world of cultivation techniques and domesticated plant
by plant reproduction. "[2 ]
Not only that, more and more scholars as A.G.
Haudricourt & Louis Hedin (1944), E. Werth (1954), H. Wissmann was quoted
(1957), Jacques Barrau (1965, 1974), Solheim (1969), Chester Gorman (1970) ...
said that Southeast Asia is the earliest birthplace of the diverse agriculture
of humanity.
- 1972 from the
archaeological discoveries in Thailand, W.G. Solheim II wrote:
"I think when we study a lot of
evidence in mainland Southeast Asia, we absolutely can discover that the first
domesticated crops in the world was done by the habitants of Hoa Binh (Vietnam)
in about 10,000 BC ... “
"That Hoa Binh culture was the
indigenous culture not at all influenced by the outside, leading to Bac Son
(Vietnam) culture.”
"That northern and central mainland
Southeast Asia has the progressive cultures in which there was development of
the first polished stone tools in Asia, if not the world's first and ceramics
was invented ... “
"Unlike the popular
notion that Yangshao culture and Longshan influence southward, I suppose, that
the Yangshao and Longshan culutres were brought up from early stages of Hoa
binh culture”
"That not only the first domesticated
plants like Mr. Sauer suggested and proved, but also to go further, this
culture had provided agricultural ideology for the West. And later some trees
were transmitted to India and Africa. and Southeast Asia continued to be an
advanced area in the Far East until China replaced this force in the first half
of the 2nd millennium BC, about 1500 years BC. " [3]
- Stephen Oppenheimer in
1998 published the book Eden in the East: Southeast Asian Continent sank [4], a
book that changed the conception of Southeast Asia's role in world history.
From the experience of a pediatrician who detected genetic migratory flow of
anemia in children of Southeast Asian islands, connected with archaeological
documents, anthropological and decipher ancient legend, he led to the
conclusion: Southeast Asia is home to the earliest form of agriculture in the
world. From here, the domestic animals, crops and agricultural ideology is
transmitted to the West through the worldwide flood.
Harmony with the discovery
of the world scholar of Oriental culture, in the 70s the archaeological
excavations in the southern Yangtze detected unexpected fact: Many
archaeological culture in south China not only were more advanced but also
appeared sooner than those of the north. Hieroglyphs were present in Jiahu (Giả
Hồ) 9000 years ago. At Liangzhu (Lương Chử), 3300 years BC, hieroglyphs had
fully developed, earlier than the Yīnxū (Ân Khư) oracle bone script area 2000
years. Chinese scholars were forced to admit there was a state of Liangzhu
which was the oldest in the East, millennia earlier than the Xià Cháo (Nhà Hạ).
From then appeared the view that: plain south of the Yangtze was a second
mother of the Chinese nation. It was more surprised when scientists discovered
the culture of Sanxingdui (Tam Tinh Đôi) in Sichuan region. This fact leads to
doubts about the Northen origins of the Chinese culture. It was suggested that
the opposite may in fact, is the movement of people and cultures from the South
up. [5]
Eventhough many new
statements were made, but admittedly, their evidences, especially
archaeologically were unstable. The age of the grain found in Thailand Non Nok
Tha was younger than the date given by Solheim launched a chill on this trend.
But then drops spilled glass
of water.
In late 1998 appeared a
shocking events science. Survey Technology for the DNA of living people
provided an unprecedented discovery. Genetic Relationship Study of the Chinese
population concluded: "The modern Homo sapiens appeared in Africa from
160,000 to 180,000 years ago. Approximately 70,000 years ago, humans from
Africa followed the Indian coastal to
Vietnam. After a period of cohabitation here, they emigrated from Vietnam to
the islands of Southeast Asia, to India and 40,000 years ago to explore China
and from there crossed the Bering Strait
and conquered America ... "[6]
Immediately, many genetics
labs around the world tested this study. A few years later, a series of genetic
research are published, not only agreed with the findings but also offer more concrete and accurate results.
Stemming from this fact,
there are people who rely on genetic discoveries to write new history book for
the East.
Start with the Vietnamese
scholar in the Thought team in Australia, included lawyers Cung Dinh Thanh,
Professor Nguyen Van Tuan and Dr. Nguyen Duc Hiep. In the posts since 2001,
Professor Nguyen Van Tuan introduced the group work of Y.J. Chu, although there
were limitations on the number of specimens, but was a very significant
discovery in the survey process of Vietnamese ethnic formation. In 2003, in
Sydney, Cung Dinh Thanh printed book On the Civillisation Origin of Vietnam
Under New Light Of Science. With access to the documents on Genetic
Relationship of Populations in China by Zhou JY groups and Eden in the East by
Stephen Oppenheimer, the of Cung Dinh
Thanh was the first book written in Vietnamese, presented that people migrated
from Africa to Southeast Asia and then from there went on to explore China.
Therefore, it was also the first book at the same time rejected the notion
which was widely acknowledged that people from the southern Tibet invaded China
and went to Vietnam, as well as the perception that the Vietnamese population
was formed by the Southeast Asian islanders’ intrusion: "the theory of
Prof. Nguyen Khac Ngu, as well as Hanoi University professors about Black
people in the islands interbred with the Mongoloid people and gave birth to the
ancestors of the Vietnamese today, and the theory of French and old Vietnamese
academic scholars from “A Complete history of Great Vietnam” (Đại Việt Sử Ký
Toàn Thư) to Dao Duy Anh, Tran Trong Kim ... that talk about Vietnameses as
descendants of people from the North should be reversed to match the
truth."(page 298) It can be said, at that time, the book was the most
advanced on the road to our origins.
Since 2004, when approaching
the work of J.Y. Chu, we spent the whole time and effort to look for our ethnic
origin. From over 10 years of research, the oriental history and culture can be
generalised as follows:
1. 70,000 years ago, two
seminarians Mongoloid and Australoid followed the coast of India from Africa to
Vietnam. Here they mixed blood and gave birth to two strains of the ancient
Vietnamese, Indonesian and Melanesian, with the majority of Indonesian (Lac
Vietnamese) as leaders of society and language. When the number increases,
people from Vietnam migrated to the islands of Southeast Asia, to India and
40,000 years ago, went to China to explore. 30,000 years ago crossed Bering
Strait to conquer America.
2. About 20,000 years ago,
at The Fairy Cave, Jiangxi (Giang Tây) Province, south of the Yangtze, the Lac
Vietnamese first crafted pottery. Then about 12,400 years ago, successfully
domesticated rice. At the Jiahu culture in Zhejiang, 9,000 years ago appeared
the first hieroglyphic characters. Paddy rice and millet were grown widely in
the basin of the Yangtze and Yellow River.
3. Approximately 7,000 years
ago, the Vietnamese and the nomadic Mongolians were in contacts in the southern
Loess Plateau (Huángtǔ) of the Yellow River (the Mongols also moved north from
Vietnam 40,000 years ago, but due to the separated migration to the Mongol
land, they kept pure Mongoloid gene, known as the North Mongoloid), this
generated new strains of Vietnamese known as Southern Mongoloid. Vietnam
Southern Mongoloid people increased the number, became the owners of the Yellow River basin.
4. Around 3,300 BC, the
first state in the east of the Lac Vietnam was established with capital of
Liangzhu (Lương Chử) at Tài Hú (Thái Hồ) area, near the boundary coincides with
the state of Xích Quỷ. Compared to the legend, it is state of Shen Nong (Thần
Nông). Around 2879 BC took place the founding of Xích Quỷ.
5. Around 2698 BC, the
Mongols hit Zhuolu (Trác Lộc), occupied the land of the Vietnamese in the the
South Yellow River, established state of Yellow Emperior. Defeat, the
Vietnamese from the Yellow River basin (Mountain Tai (Thái) - Trong Nguon
river) evacuated to the South, bringing about the Mongoloid genetic resources,
transforming the Vietnam habitants and Southeast Asia to South Mongoloid.
From 2,000 BC, habitants of
Vietnam as well as of Indochina were of the only Southern Mongoloid races
including many different ethnicities. Around 500 BC, the Red River delta
formed. Ethnic Vietnamese from Indochina and Southern Yangtze gathered and
explored new ground. The ethnic of Thai, Tay, He (Hakka) from Zhongyuan (Trung
Nguyen) returned with monophonic and voiced sound. Due to a favorable living
environment for economic and cultural exchanges, with the acquisition of
monophonic voices in the Red River delta formed new ethnic, Kinh. Due to lack
of understanding of the origin so this community formerly known as the
Vietnamese. Thus, ethnic Kinh is the latest born from the Vietnamese community.
6. In South Yellow River,
Mongolian quit the nomadic lifestyle, studied the agriculture and culture of
Vietnam. Because of co-living, Mongolian-Vietnamese hybrid class was born,
called itself Huaxia (Hoa Hạ). Due to the small number and underdeveloped culture,
the Mongolians were assimilated in culture as well as blood. Having dominating
status, the Mongols made the community speak in Mongolian way (object first,
subject follows)
7. For a long period, the
Huaxia dynasties occupied only a small portion of land in the Central Plains of
Yellow River and always in wars with foreign countries or Vietnam surrounding
tribes. Southern Yangtze was purely land of Vietnam. 2,200 years BC, the state
of Xich Quy decayed, formed the Nations belonging to Vietnameses: Yue (Việt),
Wu (Ngô), Chu (Sở)
8. At the end of the Warring
States Period, the Qin Dynasty, a nation of Vietnam, killed 6 nations, founded
the Qin empire. When the Zhou died out, the Huaxia ended leadership roles. On
the other hand, to this moment, the Huaxia was also assimilated to soak in the
Vietnamese community. Liu Bang belonged to Chu (Sở) so the Han founded by him
was also a nation of the Vietnamese. should establish national as well as from
Vietnam. However, because of the prestige of ancient Huaxia, not only the
emperor Liu Bang called himself Huaxia but also other emperiors called
themselves Huaxia
9. Since the end of the Han
Dynasty and followed to the latter, the nomadic tribes in the Northwest
continued to intruded, and long dominated the Chinese such as Yuan, Qing so
many North Mongoloid intermixed with local people. But most of the indigenous
people were assimilated into Southern Mongoloid, known as Han.
10. Because the Chinese
population was formed on the Vietnamese background, the Vietnamese language was
the main source of Chinese language creation. The Chinese language is the
Vietnamese language spoken in Mongolian style (Mongol parlance).
11. For us, finding the
origin of Chinese writing was a big challenge. History books show that, to the
middle of Shang Dynasty (Nhà Thương), the Huaxia dynasties had no letters. But
when Pangeng (Bàn Canh) occupied Anyang (An Dương) from Anyang Yue (Dương Việt)
people in Henan (Hà Nam), established the Yīn (Nhà Ân) (about 1300 BC), the
oracle bone script (Qi Wen/ Giáp Cốt
Văn) hieroglyphs of Yīnxū (Ân Khư) appeared, in mature form. How did this
happen?
Although hieroglyphics were
discovered in Jiahu (Zhejiang) culture 9,000 years ago, Banpo (Bán Pha)
(Shanxi) 6,000 years ago, Liangzhu (Lương Chử) over 5,000 years ago, but
Western scholars did not admit. Fortunately, by the end of 2011, at the sites
of Cảm Tang, Guangxi, while unearthing the esplanade of the Lac Vietnam,
thousands of pieces of stone carving hieroglyphics shovel found. Like drops of
water that broke the glass, thousands line itself (the word used for divination
and sacrifice) on the pieces of stones in Cảm Tang, Guangxi 6,000 years ago
affirmed that Lac Viet people created the hieroglyphics carved in stone, bibs
turtle, animal bones and then put up in Henan. When occupied Anyang, the Huaxia
has taken this language and develop it. Thus, it can be affirmed that the
Vietnamese language is subject to create Chinese writing
12. A more difficult
question: where was the rice first grown? Eventhough with the firm conviction
that Southeast Asia is home to the millet and rice, but because of the lack of
archaeological evidence, we can not make the claim. Fortunately, in 2012, archaeologists
discovered in The Fairy Cave of Jiangxi Province together with a 20,000 year
old ceramic piece was a rice grain planted 12,400 years old. This confirms the
Lac Vietnamese was the earliest domesticated of rice in the world. [7]
In the province of East
Asia, the Vietnamese have innovative agricultural culture which is typical
brilliant concept of Yin and Yang, Five Elements, iChing, Shī Jīng (Kinh Thi),
rich voice, rich expressive hieroglyphs ..
But ironically, the
population that gave birth to and created the ethnic and culture of spectacular
Oritental has unfortunate fate. Loss of land, loss of people, loss of culture,
loss of writing ... Vietnamese people for thousands of years been regarded as
the loss people, live as a servant under the shadow of China!
Now, thanks to the light of
human science, our nation rediscover our roots, culture, and history. Hope new
knowledge will make the Vietnamese continually rounding glorious mission to
lead humanity in a new era for worthy ancestor.
The idea was we presented in
hundreds of articles and five books: Find the roots of Vietnamese culture
(Literature Publishing House, 2006), Journey to find the source (Literature
Publishing House, 2008), Find through genetic origin (literature Publishing House,
2011), Rewriting the history of China (SG Publishing, Amazon released) and
process the cultural history of Vietnam (SG publishers, Amazon released).
It can be affirmed, works
above the opening for the new and true history book of the East.
III. The fate of the non-DNA
History
When proven that people
immigrated from the South, a century of history based on the theory of “People
immigrated from the North” fail.
One truth is revealed:
Anthropology is the natural sciences therefore finding human origin need not
only a right methodology but also a suitable technology. The most effective
technologies that are innovative science in the last century as skull measuring
(metric): measuring the skulls as indicators of vertical, horizontal, width
fovea, buoyancy of coronary eyebrow, incline or facade ... then from the ratio
between them the arrangement of the human species are made. This technology
meets two obstacles. First is the ancient skull pattern often discovered by
accident, so the research we can not proceed systematically. On the other hand,
the number of specimens found often very little. So the statistical accuracy is
not high.
Technology taken to measure
the skull although bring the initial discoveries of humanity: Humankind has
three primary elements Australoid, Mongoloid and Europid ... but the
categorizing of people at lower taxonomic rank (seminarians/ races) is
difficult and inaccurate.
Anthropology failure of the
twentieth century led to a failure of History.
So far many historians
studied the Vietnamese, Chinese, Cham, Khmer ... while not knowing how these
communities originated and had relationships with each other, therefore there
is lack of proper understanding. A science which the subjects studied are not identified,
they may assert, its results are only temporary
There are two reasons to
assert Oriental History twentieth century is only temporary results:
1. Humans or a human race
appearance on the ground is a process. But due to the unknown process the human
studies have ignored prehistory to study it from 2000 years ago, and based on
the written word. When the roots are not known, the tops are unfounded.
2. Also by unidentified
origin and formation process of every race, researches that are based on the
shape, material and stone axes, carved motifs on pottery and language ... are
just the indirect evidence, does not reflect the truth.
Just as identified by
American anthropologist Jared Diamond: "Now is not the time to play with
the bones and stones again. What belongs to human but not certified by genetics
are not reliable. "
Thus, we can conclude:
basically, Oriental History in the twentieth century does not reflect what
actually occurred in the past. It is the failure of history, has been denied by
historical facts.
However, the fact is, the
history that had died in both body and soul, like a ghost continues to
disseminate its obscurantism:
In 2005, replying to BBC
Vietnamese, Professor Tran Quoc Vuong said: "The general view of Vietnam
is to recognize the ‘polycentric' theory. Accordingly, there is no one center
in the world, from which farming is transmitted to other areas. The ancient
residents of North China, which planted millet, sorghum and barley later. And
the inhabitants of Southeast Asia grew rice following the flooding season.
"[8]
In The Origins of
Vietnamese-Muong, author Tạ Đức, concretize the ideas of Aurousseau, said that
the Lava people migrated from China, making Vietnamese people and culture of
Phung Nguyen. [9]
Ta Chi Dai Truong and
American scholars such as K Taylor, L. Kelley said that Xich Quy state never
existed and the Hung Vuong of the Vietnamese and Thai ... were different strains!
On behalf of historians,
Prof. Le Van Lan came to the Congress Forum and declared: “History of Vietnam only began in 700 BC, when Van Lang
State was born. Thus the Preamble of the Constitution of 1992 stated: "The
country of Vietnam experienced thousands of years of history" instead of
"Over four thousand years of history, ..." as the Constitution in
1980 (!)
Saigon, June, 2016
References.
1. Aurousseau Léonard,
"An Investigation of Southern cultural roots". Translation of Hong
Nhan Pham Quynh. Nam Phong magazine No. 84, May 6-1924, tr.480. The lead
according Cao Dung: Vietnam Country.
(Http://www.mevietnam.org/NguonGoc/ctd-tennuocvietnam.html)
2. Carl Sauer. Agricultural
Origins and Dispersals, The American Geographical Society, New York, 1952
3. Wilhelm G. Solheim II.
New Light on Forgotten Past. National Geographic, Vol. 139, No. 3, Mar.1971.
4. Stephen Oppenheimer. Eden
in the East: the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.
https://www.amazon.com/Eden-East-Drowned-Continent-Southeast/dp/0753806797
Ha Van Thuy 5.. Rewriting
the history of China. SG Publisher.
http://www.amazon.com/Viet-Lai-Lich-Trung-Vietnamese/dp/1500462675/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1407022568&sr=1-1&keywords=ha+van+thuy
6. J. Y. Zhou et al. Genetic
relationship of Populations in China
http://www.pnas.org/content/95/20/11763.full
7.Xianrendong
http://archaeology.about.com/od/xterms/qt/Xianrendong.htm
8. Listen to the interview
20 minutes with GS. Tran Quoc Vuong:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/programmes/story/2005/03/interviewweek112005.shtml
9. Ta Duc. Vietnamese origin
- Muong. Knowledge Publishing House 2013
