Hà Văn Thùy
Japan History is the disputes between the opposed concept about Japanese origin. coverage those debates is a other dispute, more intense between Korean and Japanese. Base upon certain similarity about heredity and language, the Korean said their ancestor have dominate Japan and the Japanese to say, their ancertor occupy Korea, to slavery and bring Korean go to Japan. Based on paranoiac fable is sun goddess's descendent, Japanese, with ethnic superiority complex giblets, have caused the pain, not only for Korea but also for many East Asian ethnic other. Today, Japan and South Korea are the two dynamic economic in areas because this the relationship between strength nationals has great impact to the stability of Asia. Therefore, the clarify the Japan origin by means of the special.
1. Overview of history, language, and genetic of Japanese
From the Chinese ancient historic, from the Japan, Korea chronicle, from archeology, linguists and genetic researchs in the latest, the whole picture of history Japan are described as follows:
At the glacier, sea level is lower than today over 100 meters. Have the land bridge connected the islands of Japan together and with the land, with 110 miles to South Korea, 190 miles to 480 miles to Russia and China. Animals and people have to follow the bridge go to Japan. Around 30,000 years ago, Japan has been the living. About 13,000 years ago, melting ice, sea level by offering today. The islands of Japan to isolate and separate the land from Asia. But also by changes that living conditions in Japan become favorable climate than warm, annual precipitation greater focus in the summer cause the forest luxuriate, many fruits, such as pecan, chestnut and stimulating food source is abundant, the reserve over the winter. Blockade around the island is shallow sea, many shrimp, fish, the oyster, the bivalve.
Antiquary find at Jomon 12.700 year old, ashore northern Kyushu, a island of Japan antarctic, pottery with rope pix, is called Jomon pottery. Jomon also used laying for Japanese ancient pottery. Examine hundreds remains of Jomon person , antiquary consider they is ones hunting- pick and domiciliation living, fishing by plex, is shot confess by arc and greycing. They is also identified 64 kind of edible plant in Jomon People's garbage. In this food there is no clear discrimination between crops and wild plants. This shows that in the Jomon does not clear the crop domesticity. About 1000 BC to the end of Jomon period, a few grains of rice, buckwheat and millet are the main cereals of East Asia, began to appear.
The vague clue consider that Jomon people are starting cultivation, but clearly they also not as a professional, thus their cultivation product only contribute support to ration their. They predicted that the highest stage, the number of Japanese Jomon has about 250,000 people. it be a miniature cosmo. The changes over 10, 000 years to less surprised.
Around the IV century BC, an important event occurred in Japan, it is the people coming from Korea, to bring new life style appear on the northern coast of Kyushu island across the channel sea South Korea. First found in Japan the metal tool, iron, and agriculture large scale.
It is agricultural with rice fields are watered, the canals, dam water, the dikes, paddy rice and the rest of the rice discovered by archeologist. The archeologist called lifestyle is Yayoi, after a district of Tokyo in 1884 it was discovered pottery featured first. Unlike Jomon ceramics, ceramics Yayoi pottery very similar with South Korea about the shape.
Many factors of new Yayoi culture can not mistaken is from Korea and previously foreign to Japan, including the bronze tool, the weave products, the glass grains, and the type of tools and house. While the rice plant is most important, Yayoi farmers introduced 27 new items to Japan and the domesticated pig.
They might farmed is bivoltine that, with piece of as ricefield asperse in order to who plant rice in summer, then withdrawn water to grow millet, rye, and winter wheat. Actually, the system of agricultural cultivation effective this promote the population explosion in Kyushu immediately. Several centuries later found to appear the first signs of levels of society, reflected particularly clearly in the cemetery.
After about 100 BC, the special part of many cemetery own the site for a high class, with fancy goods imported from China, as jade and beautiful brass mirror. The Yayoi population explosion occurred, and the domain suitable for planting rice expanded. Archeologist evidence suggests that war becomes more and more frequently: The production of the more arrows, village defense line , and the bones were buried with the arrow through. The traces of war in Yayoi Japan such was certified early in the chronicle of China, in which description of Wa (Japanese) and hundreds of small political units and it struggle together.
In the period from 300 to 700 years after era, the archeology and the chronicle record dubiously vague image of a Japan with political unique then. Before century III, the tomb of aristocracy are small and the many types of areas diverse highly. Start the III century, more and more of the vast land tomb called kofun, in the shape of the keyholes, built around the former area Yayoi from Kyushu to North Honshu. Kofun are to 1. 500 feet long and over 100 feet high, making them become the land tombs maybe the biggest in the world.
Great number of workers have been mobilized to build them and the same designs on them throughout Japan implies that the powerful government has mobilized a work force to a large, well that have the incorporation politics. The exhumation kofun contained the burial waste , but was not the biggest because they are consider to contain the ancestry of the Japanese king. Clear evidence of the political focus that kofun provided, strengthening the material on the Japan emperors about tense Kofun written many years later in Japan and Korea chronicles.
Finally, with the completed first chronicle in 712 years, has brought to Japan in light of the full history. Since 712, the people living in Japan is Japanese person and their language (called the Japanese) is a natural source of modern Japanese.
Emperor Akihito, who reigns today, is the eighty-second direct descendant of the emperor under whom that first chronicle of A.D. 712 was written. He is traditionally considered the 125th direct descendant of the legendary first emperor, Jimmu, the great-great-great-grandson of the sun goddess Amaterasu. In the Yayoi time, Japan population to increase to 70 times, a rate is amazing. (1)
Survey of Japanese bones, ancient ethnography described as follows:
Jomon and Yayoi skeletons, researchers find, are on the average readily distinguishable. Jomon people tended to be shorter, with relatively longer forearms and lower legs, more wide-set eyes, shorter and wider faces, and much more pronounced facial topography, with strikingly raised browridges, noses, and nose bridges. Yayoi people averaged an inch or two taller, with close-set eyes, high and narrow faces, and flat browridges and noses. Some skeletons of the Yayoi period were still Jomon-like in appearance, but that is to be expected by almost any theory of the Jomon-Yayoi transition. By the time of the kofun period, all Japanese skeletons except those of the Ainu form a homogeneous group, resembling modern Japanese and Koreans. (1)
A Japan panorama's essential point is features about language:. Everybody agree that Japanese without relation is close with any other language in the world. Most school consider it is a member is sequestered of Asiatic language family Altaic, there is Turkic language, mongol, and Tungusic
Korean is also often considered as an isolated member of this family, and in family, Japanese and Korean can be closer together than the other Altaic languages. However, the similarity between the Japanese and Korean is shown by the characteristics of general grammar and it is about 15% of the basic vocabulary. The language research suggests that Japanese and Korean divide at least 4, 000 years ago. The Ainu language, the origin of it caused the suspect might not have any relationship to any special Japanese. (1)
Japanese origin as more complicated by the presence in Japan the culture hunter-gatherers called Ainu. Now Ainu survive only on the northern island of Hokkaido, but a few centuries ago they are a component of a residential island of Honshu. Ainu is different from Japanese in more flash and polytrichous somatic complexion place. They is often call " shaggy Ainu
To resolve the question genetics, the researchers surveyed the presence of a particular gene on the Y-chromosome, called Y Alu - polymorphic element (YAP). It developed in a history relatively recent and not all male have this gen. Michael Hammer at the University of Arizona in Tucson and Satoshi Horai Institute genetics Japan National research by the event gen YAP in the Asian population. They found gene YAP does not in men of South Korea or Taiwan. It's only in men of Japan and is only distributed in the special area. Gene YAP appears only in the Ainu people living north and south of Japan. In central Japan, gene YAP not. This suggests that gene YAP has developed in Jomon then pass to Yayoi because mixed blood.
Hammer and Horai study the distribution of othe gene on the Y-chromosome. In case 2, the men in South Korea owns this gene and it also often found in Central Japan. Conclusions from the research is a blend of Jomon and Yayoi in extreme south (Okinawa) and extreme north but not at the center of Japan.
Nei Masatoshi of Pennsylvania State University survey of the genetic changes in Asian men. He found a small event in the Mongolia, but up to 50% in men Tibet. This suggests that genes have developed in North Asia and was brought by the ancestry of Japanese and Korean to the Korean peninsula and by the ancestry of the Tibetan people from North Asia to the Tibetan plateau .
This is probably the first evidence about Tibet is the descendent’s migration from north Asia. Evidence only appear that most Japanese are the descendent of the Yayoi is mixed with Jomon in extreme north and extreme south. (2).
II. The current concept
There are many hypotheses of Japanese origin. Below for a summary of the concept.
First hypothesis: from hunter-gatherers Jomon gradually evolve into modern Japanese. The stability they live in the village throughout thousands of years, they may have to adapt to accept agriculture. At the transition Yayoi, Jomon society may not receive anything more than the chilly seeds of rice and experience sprinkling of South Korea, allowing production of more food and increase the number. This theory attractive many modern Japanese because it reduce the maximum contribution is not welcome of Korean gene in Japanese gene capital, while draw portraits Japanese traditional as genuine race at least 12, 000 years.
Second hypothesis: that the Yayoi transition show a mass exodus of immigrants from South Korea, providing Korean experience in cultivation, culture, and genetic resources. According to one estimate, Yayoi Japan received several million immigrants from South Korea, completely bury genetic contribution of Jomon people (guess there are about 75,000 people before the Yayoi transition). Like that, modern Japanese is descendent of Korea importees, developers of cultural ground own in 2.000 year returnned to here. Many Western authors and South Korea support this hypotheses.
Third hypothesis: acceptable evidence of immigration from South Korea but is not a series of immigration. Instead, agricultural efficiency may allow a farmer growing rice immigration modestly, producing more, faster than the hunter-gatherers Jomon and gradually outnumber them. As well as the second Hypothese, this theory considers the Japanese suffered the weak effects from Korea but exclude immigration large scale.
Also 2 other hypotheses:
Superiority complex about their orignation , Japanese bearing pressure that they have cultural and other genes, received from the Ainu live on the extreme northern island Hokkaido.
One theory is also widely supported, Japanese inheritance is from the tourism, horse riding from Asia, come through Korea, but not Korean, has won Japan in centuries IV BC.
III the concept of our
1. Of the Jomon
As part of the geo-culture of East Asia, the appear of Japanese ancestry can not be separated from the formation progress of East Asian populations. We summarize this process as follows:
Homo sapiens with two big race Australoid and Mongoloid from Africa according to coast Southern Asia to Vietnam 70,000 years ago. They mixed blood for the four races the ancient Vietnamese: Indonesian, Melanesian, Vedoid and Negritoid. Thanks to the living conditions favorable, the number increased rapidly, spread throughout the continent South East Asia. Around 40,000 years ago less cold climate, they from Indochina to explore China and then to Siberia, then overcome Beringa to American. (3)
In China, because live dispersed in the terrain and climate are different, the ancient Vietnamese divided into more than 20 local groups, history is called Bach Viet.
Japan cold and too far, about 30,000 years ago the ancient Vietnamese appear. They are Jomon people. Would also say a few words about Jomon pottery.
Author Jared Diamond, said that the living conditions favorable the hunter-gatherers Jomon live centralized and creative pottery of bins. This seems to be listening to right but not the one to come true: why 10,000 years during which existing Jomon pottery virtually no change?
If actual be people devises
of the pottery of the bins to make sure that creative inspiration is available, Jomon people will creative pottery many other types, such as the continent has been. This does not happen demonstrated Jomon people passive acceptance pottery of bins from the other. Therefore, we incline toward the other authors, especially Stephen Oppenheimer when he said that Jomon pottery is of the Hoa Binh to take before offering water (4)
2. Of the Yayoi.
10,000 years in existence, because the isolated biological background, the Jomon almost no change. Meanwhile, in the land, there are large variations, not only living methods also about gene. About 5,000 years BC, in the middle Yellow river, Northern Mogoloid exposure and mixed blood with Bai Yue Australoid born the new Southern Mongoloid. Southern Mongoloid people increased number, become owner Yangshao culture (5). Around 2600 BC, the invasion of the Northern Mongoloid place, a part of the Bai Yue used boats evacuated from the Yellow River to Vietnam and islands of Southeast Asia
Southern Mongolod people evacuated mixed blood with local person, born New Mongoloid people of South. This is the Mongoloid populations of South-Eastern Asia.
To 2000 years BC, the majority of residents of Southeast Asian converted to the Southern Mongoloid (6). This event also occurred in China, to 2000 years BC, the residential part of the Chinese is Southern Mongoloid. The Korean situation is the same place.
China century IV BC, Zhou country is disrupt, fall into Country wartime, happen wars is continuous between vassal kingdoms of Zhou state and still independence Bai Yue countries.
War pushed a section Bai Yue called “Easting barbarism” into Korean peninsula and then carry them to Japan.
Evacuation such as torrent winded Korea poor peasant finds new opportunity. It is unlikely that the ability of migrants by this initiative Korea, by that time, Korean people do not yet veritably crowdy and did not have the power to do the migration so large - have predicted up to several million.
Perhaps more appropriate is the " wagon flush" affecting by the population crisis in China. In Japan, the immigrants are called the Yayoi. Make sure that, at this time, in the “East barbarism" as well as the Korean, also exist a ancient Vietnamese types of group Australoid, homogeneous with Jomon.
Therefore, by any means, the Yayoi uniform with Jomon, can have the group also same language. Thus, have basis for that, the migration of the Yayoi is peace immigrants. A natural, Jomon people receiving methods of production as well as gene from the new people to come.
3. Modern Japanese
We believe that most immigration Yayoi people bearing Southern Mongoloid gene. When mixed blood with the Jomon type of group Australoid, was born the New South Mongoloid people, is the ancestor of modern Japanese. Mongoloid gene to be excess, obscure elements of the Jomon Australoid. This leads to the wrong ideas that Jomon people not involved in the formation of modern Japanese. To find the bones is moving from Jomon to Yayoi is convincing evidence.
Such phenomena also seen in Viet Nam, most clearly at remains Man Bac, Ninh Binh (6)
Our hypotheses is resolution of the conflict: Japanese have young genome but language is old? Japanese only born from IV century BC, later than the nations of East Asia other about 2,000 years. Therefore, about genetic, young most in areas. Japanese modern language inherit of the ancient Vietnamese Jomon with the language of the “East barbarism” group immigrate to Japan in IV century BC.
After the Country wartime to Qin, Han, the “East barbarism” become Chinese and the language takes root. While those who evacuated in the year 2400 before still maintains the ancient language in Japan. That may be why today do not see any language in Asia similar to Japanese language and Japanese are their unique ancient language.
Thus, also remove the ability to "Asian people, go horse riding through Korea to Japan." As a nomad, they can not have the skills of agriculture so. Yayoi is the agricultural “East Barbarism”, Shandong (山東) area.
Based on the language and genetic of Korea and Japan, we believe: The first, about 30,000 years ago, Japanese and Korean same genetic code. Who called Jomon not only live in Japan but also in Korea. Here are two possibilities to this: the ancient Vietnamese to Japan and then to Korea according to the bridge connecting with the territory. Can Vietnam people from China to Korea and then to Japan.
Through long time, the two territories to maintain such status. Only after 2600 years BC, with the invasion of Mongolia, the Bai Yue South Mongoloid to the Korea, make changes in both genetic and language. In this time, Korean and Japan are division.
4. Ainu people
Based on looks as well as genetic relationship of the Ainu are presented above, we believe that their origin as follows:
Around 40,000 years ago, people from Eastern Asia to the Tibetan plateau, and then from here to Central Asia and then to Europe. Here they mixed blood with people recent appear in Europe from the Arab peninsula and create Caucasoid people, is the ancestor of modern Europe. Around 15,000 years ago, the group of people from Central Asia back to Tibet. By contact with Europe should have their blood Caucasoid genes. From Tibet they migrated to North East Asia to overcome Beringa to America.(7)
In the journey, some group stopped settled on some islands of extreme north and extreme southern Japan, it is the Ainu people. Due life separated Ainu people only mixed blood with a small people in the north and south Japan, without contributing to the genome of modern Japan. This is cause found no gene Ainu in center of Japan , where the most concentrated population of Japan.
Conclusion
With the presentation, we satisfactorily resolved the issue origin modern Japanese. Speaking satisfaction because of our idea no conflict with the historical data, language, genetic Japanese available. Besides, it is consistent with the formation of East Asian populations.
Satisfaction because it reject the existing long doubtful case as why Japanese are young about biology but have old language. It explains the involvement of factors Korean in the Japanese genetic and language. It also find the truth source of Ainu people, ratings to their own group to exclude the wrong idea considere Ainu are posterity of the Jomon people in oder to from this said the Jomon people have no role in formation modern Japanese.
Such as, along with Korea, China and the nations of East Asia other, who is also Japan's ancestry from Africa to Vietnam 70,000 years ago.
Documents:
1. Jared Diamond: Japanese Roots. Just who are the Japanese? Where did they come from, and when? http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Japan/History/roots.html
2. The Genetic Origins of the Japanese. applet-magic.com
Thayer Watkins Silicon Valley & Tornado Ally USA http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/japanorigin.htm
3. J.Y. Chu & đồng nghiệp: Genetic relationship of population in China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 1998 số 95 tr. 11763-11768.
4. Stephen Oppenheimer: Địa đàng ở phương Đông. NXB Lao Động, Hà Nội, 2004.
5. Zhou Jixu: The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China. SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 175 December, 2006
6. Hà Văn Thùy. Tìm lại cội nguồn và văn hóa Việt. NXB Văn học. H. 2007.
7. Stephen Oppenheimer. Out of Eden Peopling of the World
*http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/introduction.html
